The LIGO Scientific Collaboration the Virgo Collaboration and the KAGRA Collaboration (2024). Search for Gravitational-lensing Signatures in the Full Third Observing Run of the LIGO-Virgo Network. Astrophysical Journal, 970(2), 1-28. Article 191. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3e83

@article{6b4c4342deaf4ee384fbc6d8d882fad7,
title = "Search for Gravitational-lensing Signatures in the Full Third Observing Run of the LIGO-Virgo Network",
abstract = "Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions to gravitational wave (GW) signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology, and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by (1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, (2) calculating the degree of overlap among the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, (3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms among pairs of signals, and (4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by (1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and (2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the nondetection of GW lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects.",
author = "{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration the Virgo Collaboration and the KAGRA Collaboration} and Adhikari, {R. X.} and Y. Bai and Bell, {A. S.} and Blair, {C. D.} and S. Bose and H. Cao and C. Chan and C. Chan and C. Chan and W. Chang and C. Chen and D. Chen and Chen, {H. Y.} and J. Chen and X. Chen and Chen, {Y. R.} and Chen, {Y. R.} and Chen, {Y. R.} and N. Christensen and Clark, {J. A.} and Collette, {C. G.} and L. Conti and Cullen, {T. J.} and Davis, {M. C.} and Fan, {P. C.} and M. Gosselin and Guo, {H. K.} and Y. Guo and Gupta, {S. K.} and N. Gutierrez and J. Healy and Huang, {H. Y.} and Y. Huang and Y. Huang and T. Jain and James, {A. L.} and K. Janssens and J. Jiang and Jin, {H. B.} and Jones, {A. W.} and Jones, {D. I.} and T. Kaur and S. Khan and J. Kim and J. Kim and Kim, {W. S.} and Kim, {Y. M.} and A. Kumar and M. Lalleman and Lee, {H. M.} and K. Lee and Li, {A. K.Y.} and B. Li and Li, {K. L.} and P. Li and Li, {T. G.F.} and X. Li and Liu, {G. C.} and J. Liu and X. Liu and A. Malik and M. Mantovani and Martin, {R. M.} and C. Michel and B. Miller and Mitchell, {A. L.} and S. More and Ng, {S. W.S.} and C. Nguyen and P. Nguyen and T. Nguyen and S. Pal and H. Pham and M. Pinto and S. Raja and Richardson, {J. W.} and K. Ryan and S. Saha and M. Sakellariadou and Sanchez, {E. J.} and Sanchez, {L. E.} and Sanders, {J. R.} and P. Schmidt and Sengupta, {A. S.} and Shaikh, {M. A.} and P. Sharma and Singh, {M. K.} and N. Singh and L. Smith and Smith, {R. J.E.} and I. Song and K. Soni and V. Sordini and L. Sun and K. Tanaka and M. Thomas and P. Thomas and S. Thomas and D. Thompson and D. Tsai and K. Turbang and {van Dael}, M. and {Van Den Broeck}, C. and {Van de Walle}, A. and {van Dongen}, J. and {van Ranst}, Z. and Vermeulen, {S. M.} and Wang, {J. Z.} and Wang, {J. Z.} and Wang, {W. H.} and White, {D. D.} and Williams, {C. E.} and Williams, {M. J.} and C. Wu and Wu, {D. S.} and H. Wu and L. Xiao and N. Yadav and Yang, {F. W.} and L. Yang and Yang, {Y. C.} and Yang, {Y. C.} and Yang, {Y. C.} and H. Zhang and J. Zhang and L. Zhang and T. Zhang and Y. Zhang and C. Zhao and G. Zhao and Y. Zhao and Y. Zheng and Zhu, {X. J.}",
note = "Funding Information: This material is based upon work supported by NSF's LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO 600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Center National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n and Ministerio de Universidades, the Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura and the Direcci\u00F3 General de Pol\u00EDtica Universitaria i Recerca del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d\u2019Innovaci\u00F3 Universitats, Ci\u00E8ncia i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Program Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the National Science Center of Poland and the European Union\u2014European Regional Development Fund; Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concert\u00E9es (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek\u2014Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris \u00CEle-de-France Region, the National Research, Development, and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, and CNRS for the provision of computational resources. Funding Information: This material is based upon work supported by NSF's LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO 600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Center National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n and Ministerio de Universidades, the Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura and the Direcci\u00F3 General de Pol\u00EDtica Universitaria i Recerca del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d'Innovaci\u00F3 Universitats, Ci\u00E8ncia i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Program Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the National Science Center of Poland and the European Union-European Regional Development Fund; Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concert\u00E9es (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris \u00CEle-de-France Region, the National Research, Development, and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, and CNRS for the provision of computational resources. Funding Information: This work was supported by MEXT, JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2905: JP17H06358, JP17H06361 and JP17H06364, JSPS Core-to-Core Program A. Advanced Research Networks, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 17H06133 and 20H05639, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20A203: JP20H05854, the joint research program of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, National Research Foundation (NRF), Computing Infrastructure Project of Global Science experimental Data hub Center (GSDC) at KISTI, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), and Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), AS Grid Center (ASGC) and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) in Taiwan under grants including the Rising Star Program and Science Vanguard Research Program, Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of NAOJ, and Mechanical Engineering Center of KEK. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024. The Author(s)",
year = "2024",
month = jul,
day = "31",
doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ad3e83",
language = "English",
volume = "970",
pages = "1--28",
journal = "Astrophysical Journal",
issn = "0004-637X",
publisher = "American Astronomical Society",
number = "2",
}