Proper synchronization between transmitter and receiver ports in time-domain measurements is of great importance. This study presents a novel synchronization method that can be applied to data acquired from dual single-shot samplers in real time, diverging from the conventional approach that utilizes a single-shot sampler with an external trigger to synchronize the input signal. Following synchronization algorithm, its effectiveness is validated through experimental testing using a time-dependent, narrow-band transient radar signal. The experiments on a 5-cm thick polyvinylchloride (PVC) sample demonstrated the reliability of the proposed method. The transient radar signal utilized in the experiments had a carrier frequency of approximately 10 GHz, while data acquisition was carried out with an independent external trigger using only a 2 MHz sinusoidal signal. Applying the synchronization technique to the measurement results yielded a complex relative dielectric permittivity of (2.55 ± 0.02) – (0.23 ± 0.01)j. Using this value to calculate the speed of light in the PVC sample, the thickness was determined to be 5.29 ± 0.13 cm. Further refinement of the effective angle enhanced measurement accuracy, ultimately yielding a thickness of 4.83 ± 0.11 cm and reducing the relative error from 5.8 to 3.4\%.
Pourkazemi, A, Tayebi, S, Akbarian, F, Zarghami, A, Ghasem Sharabiany, M & Stiens, J 2025, 'Asynchronous to synchronous waveform conversion for high frequency microwave and optical signals without external triggering', Scientific Reports - Nature, vol. 15, no. 1, 25291 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11548-z
Pourkazemi, A., Tayebi, S., Akbarian, F., Zarghami, A., Ghasem Sharabiany, M., & Stiens, J. (2025). Asynchronous to synchronous waveform conversion for high frequency microwave and optical signals without external triggering. Scientific Reports - Nature, 15(1), Article 25291 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11548-z
@article{0d4e5ba909b74b2a824c8fdc0934f07f,
title = "Asynchronous to synchronous waveform conversion for high frequency microwave and optical signals without external triggering",
abstract = "Proper synchronization between transmitter and receiver ports in time-domain measurements is of great importance. This study presents a novel synchronization method that can be applied to data acquired from dual single-shot samplers in real time, diverging from the conventional approach that utilizes a single-shot sampler with an external trigger to synchronize the input signal. Following synchronization algorithm, its effectiveness is validated through experimental testing using a time-dependent, narrow-band transient radar signal. The experiments on a 5-cm thick polyvinylchloride (PVC) sample demonstrated the reliability of the proposed method. The transient radar signal utilized in the experiments had a carrier frequency of approximately 10 GHz, while data acquisition was carried out with an independent external trigger using only a 2 MHz sinusoidal signal. Applying the synchronization technique to the measurement results yielded a complex relative dielectric permittivity of (2.55 ± 0.02) – (0.23 ± 0.01)j. Using this value to calculate the speed of light in the PVC sample, the thickness was determined to be 5.29 ± 0.13 cm. Further refinement of the effective angle enhanced measurement accuracy, ultimately yielding a thickness of 4.83 ± 0.11 cm and reducing the relative error from 5.8 to 3.4\%. ",
keywords = "Asynchronous-to-synchronous waveform conversion, Complex permittivity and geometry of sample under test, Independence from external triggering, Microwave and optical signals, Narrowband, Sampling oscilloscope, Single-tone modulated signal, Waveform acquisition",
author = "Ali Pourkazemi and Salar Tayebi and Fahimeh Akbarian and Ashkan Zarghami and \{Ghasem Sharabiany\}, Mehrad and Johan Stiens",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2025.",
year = "2025",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1038/s41598-025-11548-z",
language = "English",
volume = "15",
journal = "Scientific Reports - Nature",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "1",
}