This article presents frequency-modulated-continuous-wave (FMCW) radars developed for the detection of vital signs and gestures using two generations of 145-GHz transceivers (TRXs) integrated in 28-nm bulk CMOS. The performance and limitations of high-frequency radars are quantified with a system-level study, and the design and performance of individual circuit blocks are presented in detail. A 145-GHz center frequency and radar operation over an RF bandwidth of 10 GHz yield a displacement responsivity of 2 \pi rad/mm and a windowed range resolution of 30 mm, respectively. Radar operation over a 0.1-7 m range is enabled by an effective-isotropic radiated power of 11.5 dBm and a noise figure of 8 dB. The ICs feature frequency multiplication by 9 in the transmit and receive paths, sub-arrayed dipole antennas, and neutralization of TX-RX leakage via delay control. A single TRX dissipates 500 mW from a 0.9-/1.8-V drive. The use of fast chirps (5-30- s) mitigates the effect of 1/f -noise at the intermediate frequency (IF). Extensive characterization results showcase state-of-the-art performance of the TRXs, while the code-domain multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radars ( 1 * 4 and 4 * 4) built with them demonstrate vital-sign and gesture detections.
Visweswaran, A, Vaesen, K, Glassee, M, Kankuppe Raghavendra Swamy, A, Sinha, S, Desset, C, Gielen, T, Bourdoux, A & Wambacq, P 2021, 'A 28-nm-CMOS Based 145-GHz FMCW Radar: System, Circuits, and Characterization', IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 56, no. 7, 9316217, pp. 1975-1993. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2020.3041153
Visweswaran, A., Vaesen, K., Glassee, M., Kankuppe Raghavendra Swamy, A., Sinha, S., Desset, C., Gielen, T., Bourdoux, A., & Wambacq, P. (2021). A 28-nm-CMOS Based 145-GHz FMCW Radar: System, Circuits, and Characterization. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 56(7), 1975-1993. Article 9316217. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2020.3041153
@article{6e8a26abd7d64ceabd87366cf5236402,
title = "A 28-nm-CMOS Based 145-GHz FMCW Radar: System, Circuits, and Characterization",
abstract = "This article presents frequency-modulated-continuous-wave (FMCW) radars developed for the detection of vital signs and gestures using two generations of 145-GHz transceivers (TRXs) integrated in 28-nm bulk CMOS. The performance and limitations of high-frequency radars are quantified with a system-level study, and the design and performance of individual circuit blocks are presented in detail. A 145-GHz center frequency and radar operation over an RF bandwidth of 10 GHz yield a displacement responsivity of 2 \pi rad/mm and a windowed range resolution of 30 mm, respectively. Radar operation over a 0.1-7 m range is enabled by an effective-isotropic radiated power of 11.5 dBm and a noise figure of 8 dB. The ICs feature frequency multiplication by 9 in the transmit and receive paths, sub-arrayed dipole antennas, and neutralization of TX-RX leakage via delay control. A single TRX dissipates 500 mW from a 0.9-/1.8-V drive. The use of fast chirps (5-30- s) mitigates the effect of 1/f -noise at the intermediate frequency (IF). Extensive characterization results showcase state-of-the-art performance of the TRXs, while the code-domain multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radars ( 1 * 4 and 4 * 4) built with them demonstrate vital-sign and gesture detections. ",
keywords = "Radar, Chirp, Broadband antennas, Bandwidth, Radar antennas, Radar detection, Radio frequency, D-band (110-170 GHz), frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW), gesture recognition, leakage neutralization, link budget, on-chip antennas, radar",
author = "Akshay Visweswaran and Kristof Vaesen and Miguel Glassee and {Kankuppe Raghavendra Swamy}, Anirudh and Siddhartha Sinha and Claude Desset and Thomas Gielen and Andre Bourdoux and Piet Wambacq",
year = "2021",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1109/JSSC.2020.3041153",
language = "English",
volume = "56",
pages = "1975--1993",
journal = "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits",
issn = "0018-9200",
publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",
number = "7",
}