3D scattering by large inhomogeneous 2D objects: Validation of a full-wave 2.5D VIE Solver with mm-wave Gaussian beam and microwave experiments
 
3D scattering by large inhomogeneous 2D objects: Validation of a full-wave 2.5D VIE Solver with mm-wave Gaussian beam and microwave experiments 
 
Sarah Van Den Bulcke, Ann Franchois, J.m. Geffrin, Lixiao Zhang, Johan Stiens
 
Abstract 

For the development of active millimeter wave imaging systems, e.g. to detect concealed ob- jects on the human body, it is important to be able to simulate some representative scattering con¯gurations. Typically, Gaussian beams are used in active imaging systems. Since these beams only illuminate a spatially limited region, the human body and various objects can be treated as two-dimensional (2D) (in)homogenous cylinders. However, the incident Gaussian beam has a 3D character. Therefore, a 2.5D full-wave Volume Integral Equation (VIE) forward solver is developed: only the cylinder's cross-section is discretized, reducing the number of unknowns strongly, while the incident ¯elds (e.g. oblique plane waves and 3D Gaussian beams) maintain their full 3D character. In this paper, a vectorial Gaussian beam is constructed by using a dipole source in a complex point. This elegant implementation is valid in the near and far ¯eld of the beam. Furthermore, simulation results are compared to measurements to validate the 2.5D numerical scheme. In a ¯rst measure- ment set-up, the scatterer is a long inhomogeneous dielectric cylinder, illuminated by plane waves under di{\textregistered}erent elevation angles at microwave frequencies in the range 1 - 18 GHz. Simulations agree well with the experimental results for normally incident plane waves and plane waves with a small elevation angle, for all measured frequencies. For larger elevation angles, the ¯niteness of the cylinder in°uences the results and decreases the agreement. The second measurement set-up consists of a long te°on cylinder, illuminated by a normally incident Gaussian beam at 94 GHz. The measured incident and total ¯eld amplitudes correspond well to the simulated ones. Hence, the 2.5D algorithm is proven to be a valuable simulation tool to study scattering of long inhomogeneous dielectric objects, illuminated by 3D plane waves or 3D Gaussian beams under di{\textregistered}erent elevation angles.