Analysis of a 28-nm CMOS Fast-Lock Bang-Bang Digital PLL With 220-fs RMS Jitter for Millimeter-Wave Communication
 
Analysis of a 28-nm CMOS Fast-Lock Bang-Bang Digital PLL With 220-fs RMS Jitter for Millimeter-Wave Communication ■
 
Cheng-Hsueh Tsai, Cheng-Hsueh Tsai, Cheng-Hsueh Tsai, Zhiwei Zong, Zhiwei Zong, Zhiwei Zong, Federico Pepe, Federico Pepe, Federico Pepe, Giovanni Mangraviti, Giovanni Mangraviti, Giovanni Mangraviti, Jan Craninckx, Jan Craninckx, Jan Craninckx, Piet Wambacq, Piet Wambacq, Piet Wambacq
 
Abstract ■

This article analyses and demonstrates a 22.5–27.7-GHz fast-lock low-phase-noise bang-bang digital phase-locked loop (PLL) for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication. A discrete-time PLL model, together with theoretical transfer functions, gives insight on the functionality of the automatic bandwidth control, on the effect of the gear-shift algorithm for fast lock and on the different noise contributions. The proposed gear-shift algorithm scales up the PLL bandwidth for faster acquisition and orderly reduces it for jitter performance. The PLL contains a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) based on transformer feedback with a tunable source-bridged capacitor, which allows for a low phase noise (PN) over a wide tuning range (FoM of −184 dBc/Hz and FoM T of −191 dBc/Hz) and for a fine frequency resolution. The PLL occupies 0.09-mm 2 core area and exhibits 220 fs rms jitter while consuming 25 mW, giving FoM RMS of −239 dB. Its frequency acquisition time improves from 780 to 45 ξs with the gear-shift algorithm. For 60-GHz communication, with a frequency multiplication factor of 2.5, this PLL covers all six channels{\textquoteright} frequencies of IEEE-802.11ad, allows a transmitter (TX) error vector magnitude (EVM) down to −35.9 dB assuming a TX signal to the noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 40 dB, and, thus, is capable of supporting 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).